Toggle Main Menu Toggle Search

Open Access padlockePrints

A multi-factorial analysis of response to warfarin in a UK prospective cohort

Lookup NU author(s): Professor Ann DalyORCiD, Professor Farhad Kamali

Downloads


Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).


Abstract

Background: Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant worldwide, but it has a narrow therapeutic index which necessitates constant monitoring of anticoagulation response. Previous genome-wide studies have focused on identifying factors explaining variance in stable dose, but have not explored the initial patient response to warfarin, and a wider range of clinical and biochemical factors affecting both initial and stable dosing with warfarin.Methods: A prospective cohort of 711 patients starting warfarin was followed up for 6 months with analyses focusing on both non-genetic and genetic factors. The outcome measures used were mean weekly warfarin dose (MWD), stable mean weekly dose (SMWD) and international normalised ratio (INR) > 4 during the first week. Samples were genotyped on the Illumina Human610-Quad chip. Statistical analyses were performed using Plink and R.Results: VKORC1 and CYP2C9 were the major genetic determinants of warfarin MWD and SMWD, with CYP4F2 having a smaller effect. Age, height, weight, cigarette smoking and interacting medications accounted for less than 20 % of the variance. Our multifactorial analysis explained 57.89 % and 56.97 % of the variation for MWD and SMWD, respectively. Genotypes for VKORC1 and CYP2C9*3, age, height and weight, as well as other clinical factors such as alcohol consumption, loading dose and concomitant drugs were important for the initial INR response to warfarin. In a small subset of patients for whom data were available, levels of the coagulation factors VII and IX (highly correlated) also played a role.Conclusion: Our multifactorial analysis in a prospectively recruited cohort has shown that multiple factors, genetic and clinical, are important in determining the response to warfarin. VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms are the most important determinants of warfarin dosing, and it is highly unlikely that other common variants of clinical importance influencing warfarin dosage will be found. Both VKORC1 and CYP2C9*3 are important determinants of the initial INR response to warfarin. Other novel variants, which did not reach genome-wide significance, were identified for the different outcome measures, but need replication.


Publication metadata

Author(s): Bourgeois S, Jorgensen A, Zhang EJ, Hanson A, Gillman MS, Bumpstead S, Toh CH, Williamson P, Daly AK, Kamali F, Deloukas P, Pirmohamed M

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: Genome medicine

Year: 2016

Volume: 8

Online publication date: 06/01/2016

Acceptance date: 10/12/2015

Date deposited: 04/03/2016

ISSN (electronic): 1756-994X

Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13073-015-0255-y

DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0255-y


Altmetrics

Altmetrics provided by Altmetric


Share