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Estimation of the Warfarin Dose with Clinical and Pharmacogenetic Data

Lookup NU author(s): Professor Farhad Kamali, Professor Ann DalyORCiD

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Abstract

Background Genetic variability among patients plays an important role in determining the dose of warfarin that should be used when oral anticoagulation is initiated, but practical methods of using genetic information have not been evaluated in a diverse and large population. We developed and used an algorithm for estimating the appropriate warfarin dose that is based on both clinical and genetic data from a broad population base. Methods Clinical and genetic data from 4043 patients were used to create a dose algorithm that was based on clinical variables only and an algorithm in which genetic information was added to the clinical variables. In a validation cohort of 1009 subjects, we evaluated the potential clinical value of each algorithm by calculating the percentage of patients whose predicted dose of warfarin was within 20% of the actual stable therapeutic dose; we also evaluated other clinically relevant indicators. Results In the validation cohort, the pharmacogenetic algorithm accurately identified larger proportions of patients who required 21 mg of warfarin or less per week and of those who required 49 mg or more per week to achieve the target international normalized ratio than did the clinical algorithm ( 49.4% vs. 33.3%, P< 0.001, among patients requiring <= 21 mg per week; and 24.8% vs. 7.2%, P< 0.001, among those requiring >= 49 mg per week). Conclusions The use of a pharmacogenetic algorithm for estimating the appropriate initial dose of warfarin produces recommendations that are significantly closer to the required stable therapeutic dose than those derived from a clinical algorithm or a fixed- dose approach. The greatest benefits were observed in the 46.2% of the population that required 21 mg or less of warfarin per week or 49 mg or more per week for therapeutic anticoagulation.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Klein TE, Altman RB, Eriksson N, Gage BF, Kimmel SE, Lee MTM, Limdi NA, Page D, Roden DM, Wagner MJ, Caldwell MD, Johnson JA, Chen YT, Wen MS, Caraco Y, Achache I, Blotnick S, Muszkat M, Shin JG, Kim HS, Suarez-Kurtz G, Perini JA, Silva-Assuncao E, Anderson JL, Horne BD, Carlquist JF, Caldwell MD, Berg RL, Burmester JK, Goh BC, Lee SC, Kamali F, Sconce E, Daly AK, Wu AHB, Langaee TY, Feng H, Cavallari L, Momary K, Pirmohamed M, Jorgensen A, Toh CH, Williamson P, McLeod H, Evans JP, Weck KE, Brensinger C, Nakamura Y, Mushiroda T, Veenstra D, Meckley L, Rieder MJ, Rettie AE, Wadelius M, Melhus H, Stein CM, Schwartz U, Kurnik D, Deych E, Lenzini P, Eby C, Chen LY, Deloukas P, Motsinger-Reif A, Sagreiya H, Srinivasan BS, Lantz E, Chang T, Ritchie M, Lu LS, Shin JG, International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: New England Journal of Medicine

Year: 2009

Volume: 360

Issue: 8

Pages: 753-764

ISSN (print): 0028-4793

ISSN (electronic): 1533-4406

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0809329

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0809329

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