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© Cambridge University Press 2020. Importance: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2RBs) are often prescribed for patients as stress ulcer prophylaxis drugs in the intensive care unit (ICU). The comparative effect of these drugs on mortality is unknown. Objective: To compare in-hospital mortality rates using PPIs vs H2RBs for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cluster crossover randomized clinical trial conducted at 50 ICUs in 5 countries between August 2016 and January 2019. Patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation within 24 hours of ICU admission were followed up for 90 days at the hospital. Interventions: Two stress ulcer prophylaxis strategies were compared (preferential use with PPIs vs preferential use with H2RBs). Each ICU used each strategy sequentially for 6 months in random order; 25 ICUs were randomized to the sequence with use of PPIs and then use of H2RBs and 25 ICUs were randomized to the sequence with use of H2RBs and then use of PPIs (13436 patients randomized by site to PPIs and 13392 randomized by site to H2RBs). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 90 days during index hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were clinically important upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Clostridioides difficile infection, and ICU and hospital lengths of stay. Results: Among 26982 patients who were randomized, 154 opted out, and 26828 were analyzed (mean [SD] age, 58 [17.0] years; 9691 [36.1%] were women). There were 26771 patients (99.2%) included in the mortality analysis; 2459 of 13415 patients (18.3%) in the PPI group died at the hospital by day 90 and 2333 of 13356 patients (17.5%) in the H2RB group died at the hospital by day 90 (risk ratio, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.10]; absolute risk difference, 0.93 percentage points [95% CI,-0.01 to 1.88] percentage points; P =.054). An estimated 4.1% of patients randomized by ICU site to PPIs actually received H2RBs and an estimated 20.1% of patients randomized by ICU site to H2RBs actually received PPIs. Clinically important upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 1.3% of the PPI group and 1.8% of the H2RB group (risk ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.57 to 0.92]; absolute risk difference,-0.51 percentage points [95% CI,-0.90 to-0.12 percentage points]; P =.009). Rates of Clostridioides difficile infection and ICU and hospital lengths of stay were not significantly different by treatment group. One adverse event (an allergic reaction) was reported in 1 patient in the PPI group. Conclusions and Relevance: Among ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation, a strategy of stress ulcer prophylaxis with use of proton pump inhibitors vs histamine-2 receptor blockers resulted in hospital mortality rates of 18.3% vs 17.5%, respectively, a difference that did not reach the significance threshold. However, study interpretation may be limited by crossover in the use of the assigned medication. Trial Registration: Anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12616000481471.
Author(s): Young PJ, Bagshaw SM, Forbes AB, Nichol AD, Wright SE, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Beasley R, Brickell K, Eastwood GM, Gattas DJ, Van Haren F, Litton E, MacKle DM, McArthur CJ, McGuinness SP, Mouncey PR, Navarra L, Opgenorth D, Pilcher D, Saxena MK, Webb SA, Wiley D, Rowan KM
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association
Year: 2020
Volume: 323
Issue: 7
Pages: 616-626
Print publication date: 18/02/2020
Online publication date: 17/01/2020
Acceptance date: 19/12/2019
ISSN (print): 0098-7484
ISSN (electronic): 1538-3598
Publisher: American Medical Association
URL: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.22190
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.22190
PubMed id: 31950977
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