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© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are galactic-scale gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Each individual arm, composed of a millisecond pulsar, a radio telescope, and a kiloparsecs-long path, differs in its properties but, in aggregate, can be used to extract low-frequency GW signals. We present a noise and sensitivity analysis to accompany the NANOGrav 15 yr data release and associated papers, along with an in-depth introduction to PTA noise models. As a first step in our analysis, we characterize each individual pulsar data set with three types of white-noise parameters and two red-noise parameters. These parameters, along with the timing model and, particularly, a piecewise-constant model for the time-variable dispersion measure, determine the sensitivity curve over the low-frequency GW band we are searching. We tabulate information for all of the pulsars in this data release and present some representative sensitivity curves. We then combine the individual pulsar sensitivities using a signal-to-noise ratio statistic to calculate the global sensitivity of the PTA to a stochastic background of GWs, obtaining a minimum noise characteristic strain of 7 × 10−15 at 5 nHz. A power-law-integrated analysis shows rough agreement with the amplitudes recovered in NANOGrav’s 15 yr GW background analysis. While our phenomenological noise model does not model all known physical effects explicitly, it provides an accurate characterization of the noise in the data while preserving sensitivity to multiple classes of GW signals.
Author(s): Agazie G, Anumarlapudi A, Archibald AM, Arzoumanian Z, Baker PT, Becsy B, Blecha L, Brazier A, Brook PR, Burke-Spolaor S, Charisi M, Chatterjee S, Cohen T, Cordes JM, Cornish NJ, Crawford F, Cromartie HT, Crowter K, DeCesar ME, Demorest PB, Dolch T, Drachler B, Ferrara EC, Fiore W, Fonseca E, Freedman GE, Garver-Daniels N, Gentile PA, Glaser J, Good DC, Guertin L, Gultekin K, Hazboun JS, Jennings RJ, Johnson AD, Jones ML, Kaiser AR, Kaplan DL, Kelley LZ, Kerr M, Key JS, Laal N, Lam MT, Lamb WG, Lazio TJW, Lewandowska N, Liu T, Lorimer DR, Luo J, Lynch RS, Ma C-P, Madison DR, McEwen A, McKee JW, McLaughlin MA, McMann N, Meyers BW, Mingarelli CMF, Mitridate A, Ng C, Nice DJ, Ocker SK, Olum KD, Pennucci TT, Perera BBP, Pol NS, Radovan HA, Ransom SM, Ray PS, Romano JD, Sardesai SC, Schmiedekamp A, Schmiedekamp C, Schmitz K, Shapiro-Albert BJ, Siemens X, Simon J, Siwek MS, Stairs IH, Stinebring DR, Stovall K, Susobhanan A, Swiggum JK, Taylor SR, Turner JE, Unal C, Vallisneri M, Vigeland SJ, Wahl HM, Witt CA, Young O
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Astrophysical Journal Letters
Year: 2023
Volume: 951
Issue: 1
Print publication date: 01/07/2023
Online publication date: 29/06/2023
Acceptance date: 31/05/2023
ISSN (print): 2041-8205
ISSN (electronic): 2041-8213
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
URL: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acda88
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acda88
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